Physiological illusions, such as the afterimages following bright lights or adapting stimuli of excessively longer alternating patterns (contingent perceptual aftereffect, CAE), are the effects on the eyes or brain of excessive stimulation of a specific type – brightness, tilt, colour, movement, and so on. The theory is that stimuli have individual dedicated neural paths in the visual outer wall of an organism for the early stages of visual processing; repetitive stimulation of only a few channels misleads the visual system.

Blind Spot

Each of eyes contains an area that has no photoreceptors because it is occupied by the optic nerve. This area is known blind spot. These areas are on opposite sides of visual field. Following exercise is isolate the blind spot.

Instructions:

Cover/close your left eye and look at the black cross (on the left). Move slowly towards the screen. The black dot disappears!

Cover/close your right eye and look at the black dot (on the right). Move slowly towards the screen. The black cross disappears!

Note that the dot is replaced, not by a black region, but rather blank white space. This is because the brain simply “fills in” the most probable stimulus (in this case, a uniform white area) where there is none.

After images

Look at this woman for about one minute then look at the empty box on the right.

 

Follow the movement of the pink dot for few complete rotations and then
look at the black cross in the middle. You will notice a green dot that will
erase all pink dots from the image.

Contrast and Color Illusions (developed illusions)

You have two different type of nerve cells in your eye: rods and cones. The cones let us see color, and the rods are very sensitive to shades of brightness. These cells, however, are not located in the same places in the eye. In the center of the retina, there are only cones, and no rods. Around the edges of the retina, there are less cones and more rods. The part of your eye that gives you the sharpest image is the center of the retina. So, if you see something out of the corner of your eye that you want to see more clearly, you need to turn your eye. If you stare at complimentary colors for a long time, your retina becomes tired with that color and causes optical illusions.

More Examples of Contrast and Color Illusions

 

Square A is exactly the same shade of grey as square B.

No matter how hard you look, you may not be able to convince yourself
that the two squares are the identical shade of grey.
This image shows squares A and B moved next to squares
that appear to be the different shade of gray.

 

Would you believe that gray ovals have the same shade of gray?

Notice the brown square in the middle of both sides of the cube. Although the front facing brown square appears much lighter than the top facing cube, they are really the same same color!

 

Do you see the two shades of green above?
There is actually only one shade of green.

Hermann Grid

The black dots you see are fleeting, and any individual dot will turn white as soon as you focus on it. Clearly, all the dot are actually white, yet at a glance we still perceive some of them as being black.

Hermann Grid [The Scintillating grid illusion.]
Black spots seem to appear and disappear very fast at the intersections

The unsettling effect seen in this image (called a Hermann Grid) is one of many optical illusions that take advantage of the way our visual system processes contrast information. Let’s take a closer look at how it works.

Why do we only see spots at the vertices? Why do the spots sometimes disappear when we look straight at them?

A neural explanation of illusory spots in terms of receptive fields: u Some retinal ganglion cells pool information over many photoreceptors.

• Stimulation at the centre of a receptive field may have the opposite effect to stimulation at its edge.
• Perceived darkness of stimuli depends on what surrounds them.
• The effect depends on the size of the receptive field, the size of the stimulus, and what surrounds it.
• Mach bands can be understood similarly.

 

Stare at the center of the circle, and move your head back and forth towards the monitor and away from it. The circles appear to slide back and forth!

Hidden Image

Almost as if there was no evidence of the hidden illusion it holds… But wait! What if you blurred your vision just for a second? Move browser window left and right…  Now what you see? It has to be magic, right? Just when you’re done, be sure to share his identity…

One more hidden image: