by Harry Teasdale

I start from the concept that numbers are to be characterized as the means of defining a value by a symbol.

Natural & Artificial Numbers

Chart 1:

Minus Zero = Natural Numbers = f

0 – 0 = f0
   1 – 0 = f1
   11 – 0 = f2
   111 – 0 = f3
   1111 – 0 = f4
   11111 – 0 = f5
   111111 – 0 = f6
   1111111 – 0 = f7
   11111111 – 0 = f8
   111111111 – 0 = f9

Plus Zero = Natural Numbers Multiplied

1 + 0 = 10
11 + 0 = 20
111 + 0 = 30
1111 + 0 = 40
11111 + 0 = 50
111111 + 0 = 60
1111111 + 0 = 70
11111111 + 0 = 80
111111111 + 0 = 90

Plus Zeros = Natural Numbers Multiplied

1 + 00 = 100
11 + 00 = 200
111 + 00 = 300
1111 + 00 = 400
11111 + 00 = 500
111111 + 00 = 600
1111111 + 00 = 700
11111111 + 00 = 800
111111111 + 00 = 900

On this chart I define numbers by the symbols 0 & 1 with these to represent the opposites from which all other numbers arise, for us humans such a system is of course unworkable so in order to make it workable I have placed alongside the numbers f1 – f9. My reason for defining these as an f number will clarify as we move forward.

The natural cycle starts out with 0 on the left to represent the negative element and 1 on the right to represent the positive element. After this the natural set of numbers become artificial and increase in value on the 0 moving to the right-hand side of the 1 – 9, first in tens, then hundreds, with this to continue indefinitely.

Perfect Numbers

In number theory, a perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its proper positive divisors, that is, the sum of its positive divisors excluding the number itself (also known as its aliquot sum). Equivalently, a perfect number is a number that is half the sum of all of its positive divisors (including itself)
i.e. (1+2+3+6)/2 = 6,  1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28

This definition is ancient, appearing as early as Euclid’s Elements (VII.22) where it is called perfect, ideal, or complete number.
Euclid also proved a formation rule (IX.36) whereby p(p+1)/2  is an even perfect number whenever p is what is now called a Mersenne prime.
Much later, Euler proved that all even perfect numbers are of this form. This is known as the Euclid–Euler theorem.

It is not known whether there are any odd perfect numbers, nor whether infinitely many perfect numbers exist.

Chart 2:

Perfect Numbers Known to Greeks

6
28                                                                                                             
496
8128

First seen 15^th century manuscript

33550336

Discovered 1588

8589869056
137438691328

Discovered 1772

2305843008139952128

Discovered 1883

2658455991569831744654692615953842176

Discovered 1911

191561942608236107294793378084303638130997321548169216

Discovered 1914

13164036458569648337239753460458722910223472318386943117783
728128

Discovered 1896

44740111546645244279463731260859884815736774914748358890663543
49131199152128

Discovered 1952

2356272345726734706578954899670990498847754785839260071014302
7597506337283178622239730365539602600561360255566462503270175
0528925780432155433824984287771524270103944969186640286445341
2803383143979023683862403317143592235664321970310172071316352
7487298747400647801939587165936401087419375649057918549492160                              
555646976

After these the numbers are too large to set down, but these are a sample of number of digits they contain and the year of discovery.

Discovered 1961
with 2,663 digits

Discovered 1983
79,502 digits 

Discovered 2003
12,640,858 digits 

Discovered 2008
25,956,377 digits

Discovered 2013
34,850,340 digits

An aspect of numbers that were known to ancient man is that of a `perfect` number with this the list from the early Greeks to the present time.

Daily “f “ numbers

Chart 3:

As brought out on this chart a day can be understood as either a single period of 1 x 24 hours, or as 4 x 6 hours, or, by an `f `number.
It is to be noted, in the context of numbers that have a natural limit of between 1 – 9, that after the 9^th hour the `f` numbers restart, as they do after the 18^th hour.
It is also seen that with the minutes of a day these are represented by a uniform sequence of  f6, f3, f9.
Just as the final time cycle of seconds are all found to represent the highest possible `f` number, in which the 1^st hour of 3600 seconds is represented by 3 + 6 + 0 +0 and so f9, the 2^nd hour by 7 + 2 + 0 + 0 thus f9 and the 3^rd hour by 1 + 0 + 8 + 0 = 0 therefore f9. etc. etc.

360^o of the “perfect six”

Chart 4:

Following on from a day comprised of quarters, hours, minutes in which the number of seconds = 3600 = f9, when a circle is divided into quarters and into units of 6? the same sequence of f6, f3, f9 appear, as is the cycle brought to close with the f9.

List of  “perfect” Numbers

Chart 5:

Having now recognised how the natural numbers convert as an `f` number allows a closer look to be taken of the list of `perfect` numbers to find they also convert to an `f` number – or, at least to the first set of 13 numbers. With the exception of the `perfect` six all of the numbers that follow can be understood as representing the `perfect` number of f1, (i.e. 0 + 1 = 1, 1 – 0 = 1, 1 x 0 = 1, 1 ÷ 0 = 1.) As opposed to what is considered to be the first `perfect` number of 6: because 1, 2 and 3 are its proper divisors as do 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.

Temple Time

With an `f` number as representing the natural time cycle, as found with a day, a circle, as well as in a list of `perfect` numbers, this would appear not to be the case when it came a priesthood that lived in a world dominated by a solar cycle of 365¼ days, as obviously such a number would not dived equally. However whilst a seasonal year of this length will not divided equally, an artificial `year` of 364 days will, so for me it became a matter of finding a means by which the priesthood could compensate for the `missing` 1¼ days – which in terms of a `perfect` number converts as 4 x 6 hours and 1 x 6 hours.

The reason for the priesthood wanting a uniform `year` was in order to comply with the fundamental Law of keeping a Sabbath in place. In Genesis we have:

“And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made”. (Gen. 2: 2-3)

However following a cycle of 365¼ days it is not possible to keep to this basic Law, whereas to follow a uniform cycle of 364 (= 13 = f4) days this will divide equally into 13 (f4) months, each of 28 (f1) days.

In my study of the Temple I was aware of two `festivals` that brought in the `perfect` six, although this is not at first apparent, as according to those who had first translated the scriptures into Greek, between 280 – 130 BC, known as the Septuagint (Latin: `Seventy`.
Supposedly because of the number of translators) seemingly the thinking was the smallest time cycle followed by the Hebrews was that of a day. However once it is accepted that the priesthood was well aware that a day was to be divided, at least, into hours then what appears in some texts as `days` for these two `festival` need to be read as hours.

Passover

Fig. 1

The `missing` day is to be found in what is known as Passover: said to have been the 10^th day of the month when Moses was to lead an enslaved Israel out of bondage from Egypt , the time of leaving is said to have followed the killing of the firstborn of the Egyptians, at `midnight`.
As seen charted (for reasons I enter into in deal in my writings) this passing over of a day took place at the end of the old year and start of a new year. (Exodus 12:1-28. In the King James Version the word day does not appear in the original text but in order to make it read `right` has been inserted.)

Atonement

Fig. 2

The same misunderstanding is found with Atonement, which is given as the 10^th of the 7^th month (Leviticus 16:29. )
The word day once more missing from the KJ version but is again found inserted. As brought out on the chart the 6 hours was to be absorbed by putting the `clock` back by this amount, which leaves us with a priesthood whose calendar would lose one day each year that obviously would have to be accounted for.
How they compensated for this was, as seen next, to allow the 6 hours to drop back over a time cycle of (12 x 6 =) 72 years so we are again dealing with the highest f number of 9.

Year Chart of 12 & 13 Months

Fig. 3

Illustrated here a 364 day `year` is defined in terms of days, weeks, 13 uniform months, 12 seasonal months and Quarters.
Thus:

6. a) The six days of a week are defined by
7. b) Sabbath as the 7^th day is defined by
8. c) A `year` of 13 months is represented by f4, thus the same numbers as its Quarters.
9. d) A uniform `year` of 3 – 6 ­- 4 days represents one of 13 months. i.e. f4.

The ascending and descending seasonal cycle I define as 1 – 6 & 1 – 6 months.

Year Chart of 12 & 13 Months –Animated

Here the 364 day cycle is seen animated.

Fig. 3A

Year Chart Over 72 Years

Fig. 4

On this illustration I have extended the circular time cycle of a day and year to one of 72 years, with this done in three stages so as to reflect the continuing cycle of f3, f6, f9 when the numbers are seen as representing these divisions: i.e. 1 x 12 = 12, 2 x 12 = 24, 3 x 24 = 72.

72 Year Cycle of  “f “ Numbers

Chart 6A:

Click on this link to view All Charts ( 6A-6L) in PDF format:
Charts_6A-L

On charting a uniform cycle of 13 months over a period of 72 years, the sequence is one of a repeating cycle of f6, f3, f9, and in this the `f` numbers are seen to match those of the month numbers. i.e.

f6 of the 6^th year cycle,
 f3 of the 12 year,
 f9 of the 18^th year cycle,
 f6 of the 24^th year,
 f3 of the 30^th year,
 f9 of the 36^th year and so on throughout the 72 year cycle.

Therefore what started out as a cycle of 364 day `year` would on reaching the end of the 6^th year record as 2184 days, as would the numbers continuing to expand by the end of the 12^th `year` to 4368 days, then to 6552 days at the end of the 18^th `year`, until the a figure of 26208 is reached at the end of the 72^nd year.

However such numbers represent but one cycle of 72 years, whereas in a Temple that stood for centuries this cycle would only be the first of many, each of which would bring an increase in numbers – as we shall see.

Abridgment of ” f “ numbers cycle

Chart 7
(view in PDF format)

With this abridgment the f3, f6, f9 sequence is brought out better.

Cycle of 3 x 6 Years

Fig. 5A

(click to enlarge)

On this illustration I have replaced the cycle of Fig. 3 with one in which the four segments of a year are replaced by four segments depicting a cycle of years. Each segment sub-divided into 12 units, with each of these units representing a cycle of 6 years – therefore each quarter represents the cycle of 72 years. The define the movement of 6 years I colour it red, in which it is seen that what starts out as a circle divided into four segments becomes, after the first cycle, becomes one of eight segments. Therefore the 1^st cycle of 6 years = f6, the 2^nd cycle of 6 years = 12 years, therefore f3, and the 3^rd cycle of 6 years = 18 years, therefore f9. As will be seen this sequence is to continue throughout the 72 year cycle.

It is to be noted that in terms of degrees these segments could be defined separately, as 90? + 90? + 90? + 90?, as could they be defined as f9 + f9 + f9 + f9. Or, when the cycle is expressed in terms of ascending degrees we have 90?, 180?, 270?, 360?, which then produce the all encompassing `f` number of `f9` as with 90? = f9, 180? = f9, 270? = f9, 360? = f9.

Cycle of 6 x 6 Years

Fig. 5B

(click to enlarge)

It is to be noted that on reaching the 36^th year; the halfway point through the 72 year cycle, the outline is of a diagonal cross with this symbolising the movement of an artificial time cycle, over that of the natural `fixed` cycle as defined by the solar cycle.

Cycle of 9 x 6 Years

Fig. 5C

(click to enlarge)

The cycle now three quarters the way through continues.

Cycle of 12 x 6 Years

Fig. 5D

(click to enlarge)

On reaching the limit of travel the diagonal cross and upright cross are one more in alignment, at which point the cycle restarts as on Fig. 4A.

The effect on the priesthood and local population after 72 years would be one of a gradual dropping back on the seasons towards winter – to that of a sudden return to what the older generations would remember from their youth as spring.

Applied to a Temple that was in use over centuries this cycle of 72 years would only be the starting point of the numbers as represented by 936 months or 26208 days, as after this the second cycle record as 144 years, the third as 216 years, the forth as 288 years and fifth as 360 years, and so on.

Each set of years having their own month and day numbers so would they continue to increase for as long as records were kept. If at some later stage what these numbers represented was not understood, or that what they were recording as the means by which a Sabbath was kept in place then to come across even the first set of number (936 x 28 =) 26208 in a connection with the priesthood and `service` given over a period of 72 years would have been at the very least mystifying.

Whereas to have come across numbers, defining years of `service`, that increase by a factor x 2 to and so produce 52416, or, by a factor of x 3 to 78624, or, by x 4 to 104832 and so on creates their own problems. It also means such numbers can no more be understood in terms of a Priesthood that belonged to the Temple (the House of Israel) so would have to be in some way allocated to the People of the House of Israel.

Seen in this light explanations began to emerge that would explain the implausible account in Exodus in which we have the figure of Moses as leading Israel in a mass migration, numbered in hundreds of thousands, out of Egypt into a wilderness in what is reported to have been forty years with the objective of eventually reaching a `promised land` and there build the Temple. (In another section of my Temple study, I bring out evidence that the numbers found with a time cycle based on the `perfect` six also applies to the priesthood that was itself based on twelve groups each of six priests who offered `service` over a period of six days, with the Sabbath, the 7^th, a day of rest.)

Once this system of dividing a circle into sections is accepted as the means by which the ancients recorded time and numbers, it follows this system would have been passed on to others, either in the form of the detail seen on my Charts, or, by means of symbolizing it in other ways. It was from this point of view, along with the knowledge concerning the occupation of Jerusalem by the Romans, that lead me to the connection between this symbolization and what is found incorporated into the system of numbering used by the Romans.

Roman Numerals & Zero

Fig. 6

It is said the system of numbering the Romans used had been adapted from one used by the Etruscans some centuries earlier, with this later modified during the Middle Ages. It is also claimed the Romans system was based on certain letters being given numerical values and the concept of the zero did not exist in Europe until after 1000 AD. However the numerals are set against the ascending and descending cycle of Fig. 4 and the 36 year cycle seen on Fig. 5B it becomes obvious that a zero forms the basis of the numbers and what we now have in Roman Numerals is an abridgment of a more complex image.

—–

In outline this represents a section of what I have in my main work on Time and Numbers the end result is a new line of inquiry opens up on the extent of what was known in ancient times.
I look forward to any comments you care to make.

Copyright 2015 by Harry Teasdale